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Sources and Distribution of International Medical Graduates (IMGs)
International medical graduates (IMGs - physicians educated in medical schools other than in the U.S. and Canada) account for nearly 25% of the nation’s practicing physicians, and provide considerable amounts of care in rural areas. The University of Washington Center for Health Workforce Studies has conducted a series of studies about the sources and distribution of IMGs in t he U.S.. Topics have included 1) a review of the literature on international medical graduates in the United States 1995 to 2003 (see working paper #83); 2) how international medical graduates enter U.S. graduate medical education or employment (see working paper #76); the role of international medical graduates in America's small rural critical access hospitals (see Hapopian et al, 2004); health departments' use of international medical graduates in physician shortage areas (see Hagopian et al., 2003); and the changing geography of Americans graduating from foreign medical schools (see Johnson et al., 2006 and working paper #96).
Publications
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Changing Geography of Americans Graduating from Foreign Medical Schools
Author(s): Karin E. Johnson, Amy Hagopian, Catherine Veninga, Meredith A. Fordyce, L. Gary Hart
Report Number: Working Paper No. 96
Date: 03 / 2005
While only 4 percent of U.S. physicians known to have been born in the United States attended medical school in foreign countries, these physicians represent at least 11 percent of the physicians known as international medical graduates (IMGs). Americans continue to pursue medical education abroad. The majority of United States-born IMGs (USIMGs) trained in just a dozen countries and at just two-dozen medical schools. Several foreign medical schools have contributed more graduates to the current practice pool than U.S. medical schools. Currently practicing older USIMGs were most likely to have attended medical school in Europe and Mexico, while more recent USIMGs are most likely to have attended medical school in Mexico and the Caribbean. U.S.-born students comprise a large percentage of the total IMGs from those countries. Offshore medical schools continue to train large numbers of Americans, but in smaller numbers than in the 1980s. Schools in European countries are less prominent and relatively new schools in Caribbean countries have become more popular.
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Health Departments' Use of International Medical Graduates in Physician Shortage Areas
Author(s): Amy Hagopian, Matthew J. Thompson, Emily Kaltenbach, L. Gary Hart
Citation: Health Affairs, 22(5), 241-249
Date: 2003
Describes results of a survey of program administrators of the Conrad State 20 Program, which places international medical graduates (IMGs) on J-1 visas in health professional shortage areas (HPSAs). Problems reported include unfair working conditions and compensation for physicians. Federal
immigration agencies were reported to be unresponsive and difficult. Employers seem to be more satisfied than physicians with the program.
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How International Medical Graduates Enter U.S. Graduate Medical Education or Employment
Author(s): Karin E. Johnson, Emily Kaltenbach, Kenneth Hoogstra, Matthew J. Thompson, Amy Hagopian, L. Gary Hart
Report Number: Working Paper No. 76
Date: 2003
Provides an overview of the steps that must occur for an international medical graduate (IMG) to come to the United States to practice medicine. Describes how long and by what means IMGs holding temporary visas can remain in the United States, with detailed coverage of the State 30/Conrad J-1 visa waiver program.
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International Medical Graduates in the United States: A Review of the Literature 1995 to 2003
Author(s): Amy Hagopian, Matthew J. Thompson, Karin E. Johnson, Denise M. Lishner
Report Number: Working Paper No. 83
Date: 10 / 2003
Synthesizes the literature addressing International Medical Graduates (IMGs) from 1995 to 2003, with sections addressing the overall U.S. supply of physicians, IMG demographics and characteristics, the IMG pipeline, Graduate medical education, the role of IMGs in the U.S. health care safety net, IMG quality, and legal issues.
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Role of International Medical Graduates in America's Small Rural Critical Access Hospitals
Author(s): Amy Hagopian, Matthew J. Thompson, Emily Kaltenbach, L. Gary Hart
Citation: Journal of Rural Health, 20(1), 52-58
Date: 2004
Descriptive report presenting the roles and characteristics of foreign-born international medical graduates (IMGs) in Critical Access Hospital (CAH) facilities and the opinions of the CEOs about these practitioners.
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